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From native.1492 Fri Oct 2 15:06:34 1992
From: Witness For Peace {witness@igc.apc.org}
Date: 24 Sep 92 12:25 PDT
Subject: WFP Myth of the Month: September 1
Message-ID: {1563600206@igc.apc.org}
Lines: 196
Status: RO
Witness for Peace
1492-1992 Expose the Myths: Calling for a Just World Order
Myth of the Month--September 1992:
Self-Determination and Democracy
Myth: Colonization brought political progress to the New
World, just as U.S. policy fosters democracy in Central America
today.
Response: The goal of Columbus' exploration was simply to find a
new trade route to the Near East in order to benefit Spain's
economy. To obtain their primary goal of access to wealth_and
therefore power_the conquistadors disrupted and overthrew the
political systems of the indigenous inhabitants and forced
Indians to pay tribute to the European crown.
U.S. policy in Latin America has served to perpetuate U.S.
dominance in the hemisphere. The Monroe Doctrine dictated U.S.
hegemony, which has been a goal of foreign policy ever since.
U.S. policy has been less concerned with establishing
participatory democracy in Central America than it has been in
maintaining power in the hemisphere. There is little direct
relationship between aid given to Central America by the United
States and the establishment of participatory democracy.
The Americas and Europe 1492
The myth exists that Europe was politically advanced and the
Americas were politically "backward" at the time of colonization.
A closer look reveals that this was not the case.
In the Americas, there existed a variety of political and
economic systems_some more complex and egalitarian than others.
For example, the Pre-columbian civilizations in Central America
and Mexico developed cultures with advanced technology, including
systems of writing, knowledge of astronomy, systems of
underground irrigation canals, and an extensive system of roads
to support their vast empire. However, in 1492 the inhabitants of
the Americas did not have the advanced technology of war which
their European contemporaries possessed.
A basic overview of the situation in Europe in 1492 reveals
that the continent was moving from a system of feudal states to a
capitalist nation-state model. The marriage of Ferdinand and
Isabella sealed a political arrangement between Spain and
Portugal, thus setting up one of the most powerful nation-states
on the continent. The Catholic Church was also a major power, if
not the dominant power, of the day. The Spanish Inquisition was
responsible for the murder and expulsion of thousands of Jews and
Moors from Spain, while the Crusades opened up trade routes to
serve the ruling powers.
Underlying the myth that colonization brought about
civilization for the Indians is an even larger myth: that
Europeans had a "divine right" to intervene in the affairs of the
inhabitants of this "new world." History books often describe the
Americas as "virgin land" and as a region "waiting to be
discovered and civilized." The discovery myth proposed that
because Columbus (and therefore Spain) arrived first in the new
world it belonged to them. In playground terms, it was rather
like an international game of "finders keepers" and the "losers"
in this instance were the millions of inhabitants already
thriving on the land.
Because they claimed to have a divine right to the land,
conquistadors (and even missionaries) employed whatever methods
were "necessary" to accomplish their tasks. Indigenous
populations struggled to survive harsh treatment, disease, and
the imposition of a foreign religion. After 500 years of
colonization and intervention, the degree to which some
indigenous groups have maintained their cultural identities is
remarkable.
The Mayas in Guatemala, for instance, have maintained much
of their cultural heritage despite 500 years of invasion and
domination. Women's groups and workers' cooperatives have
organized to claim their rights as indigenous people. Cultural
expressions, such as weaving and language, continue to thrive,
even under conditions of extreme repression.
U.S. Policy in Central America
Just as in the name of "progress" colonists set out to
control the New World, so in the name of "democracy" U.S. policy
toward Central America has set out to ensure U.S. hegemony in the
region.
In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine set up the United States of
America as the "protector" of the hemisphere, essentially warning
European powers not to meddle in the affairs of the Western
Hemisphere. Some Latin Americans felt that this doctrine
attempted to establish U.S. superiority in the region, giving
"Divine Right" a diplomatic form.
What has been the effect of U.S. policy in Central America?
Has U.S. policy actually fostered democracy and freedom?
The policies of the United States can be said to support
double-standard democracy....
Guatemala, Panama, and Nicaragua illustrate the policies of
double-standard democracy that the United States perpetuates in
the hemisphere.
* Guatemala: In 1954 the United States engineered a coup
that toppled the democratic government of Guatemala, setting up a
military authority that would be friendly to U.S. interests.
Thirty-one years of predominantly military regimes followed,
leaving 100,000 dead and 40,000 disappeared.
* Panama: When the United States built the Panama Canal
in 1903, President Teddy Roosevelt's Secretary of State said,
"the inevitable effect of our building the Canal must be to
require us to police the surrounding premises." In 1989, to help
"police democracy," the United States invaded Panama and removed
dictator Manuel Noriega from power. However, two years later,
poverty, unemployment, drug trafficking, and political detentions
continue.
* Nicaragua: In 1984 Nicaragua held its first
presidential election, an election ruled free and fair by the
United Nations and most countries of the world, except for the
United States. Because the U.S. disliked the Sandinista
government, it attempted to overthrow the Sandinistas by the
contra war in the 1980s. After the 1990 elections established the
U.S.-favored UNO government of Violeta Chamorro, the U.S.
government has given only $560 million in aid, although it is
estimated that the U.S.-sponsored contra war caused over $17
billion in damage.
Double-Standard Democracy
The "new world order" claims to be one where democracy and
freedom are fostered throughout the world. Yet the democracy
which the United States has supported in Central America can be
called double-standard democracy. That is, the U.S. voices
approval of elected governments which favor U.S. policy (such as
Chamorro in Nicaragua and Serrano in Guatemala) but disapproves
of governments not favorable to U.S. policy (such as the
Sandinistas in Nicaragua and_earlier_Arvalo and Arbenz in
Guatemala.)
The United States has supported elections in Central America
in the last decade. But elections alone do not guarantee that
democracy will ensue. For example, in the Guatemalan elections of
1990/91, only candidates who did not address reform issues were
on the ballot. Other candidates were either killed or
intimidated, yet the elections were considered democratic by the
U.S.
In a just world order, countries would have the right to
determine their own system of government, their own leaders, and
their own agenda. Human rights for all people, regardless of
their race or religion or political orientation would be
guaranteed. One country, just because it is strong, would not
have the right to dominate other countries.
Calling for a Just World Order:
* Join the Witness for Peace Media/Legislative Contacts
to oppose U.S. intervention in Central America (see enclosed
flyer).
* Ask your Representatives and Senators to oppose U.S.
intervention in Central America and suspend aid to governments
that cannot guarantee human rights to their citizens.
* Encourage economic aid that will go directly to small,
community-controlled development projects.
* Sponsor a house meeting using the WFP Video Is this
Democracy: U.S. Policy, Democracy, and Central America.
Discussion Questions:
1. As a European in the 1500s, how might you have
responded to news of the "new world" and its inhabitants? In what
ways would your response have been affected by your economic and
political standing?
2. In what ways does the U.S. act as though it has a
"divine right?" 3. How have indigenous groups organized to
claim their rights to their land and culture? How can
non-indigenous peace and justice groups support them in their
struggle?
Resources:
Indigenous Thought, A Networking Magazine to link
Counter-Quincentenary Activities, 6802 Southwest 13th Street,
Gainesville, FL 32608; 904/378-3246.
"Responding Faithfully to the Quincentenary: A Study/Action
Packet," Racial Justice Working Group of the National Council of
Churches, 475 Riverside Drive, New York, New York 10115;
212/870-2298.